The Town of Esch-sur-Alzette is, after Luxembourg City, the second-largest city in the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, with a population of 37,904. As of January 1, 2025, 56.20% of its residents (21,284 people) are from abroad, representing approximately 143 different nationalities. The largest foreign community is of Portuguese nationality (9,961 people, or 26.27% of the population). Luxembourgish nationals account for 16,620 residents (43.8% of the population). However, 31.8% of these Luxembourgish nationals hold dual citizenship. As a result, 83.3% of Esch’s citizens have a direct family history tied to migration.

The city’s history is deeply rooted in its industrial past. From 1850 onward, mines and steel plants shaped the heart of Esch, dominating the economic and social lives of many of its citizens. However, the steel and fuel crisis of the 1970s struck the city hard, leading to the gradual closure of mines and steel plants. 

Esch was thus compelled to reinvent itself in the post-steel era. The former industrial sites have been or will be transformed into vibrant centers of culture, research, leisure, and housing. A prime example is Esch-Belval, which now hosts, among other things, the University of Luxembourg, its library, and the largest concert hall in the country.

The city center of Esch has also evolved into a dynamic space, offering not just living and working opportunities but a rich array of cultural and social amenities. Looking ahead, future projects like Metzeschmelz and Rout Lëns will further revitalize former steel plants, turning them into new, thriving neighborhoods.

This post-industrial transformation was also at the heart of Esch2022, when the city served as the European Capital of Culture. Throughout the year, Esch celebrated its industrial heritage and multicultural identity through vibrant artistic, cultural, and community events.